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">65 87 A0<>3> @0==53>: AB0@8==0O :0@B8=0 - 3>@0 ?@8 70:0B5. >B>< >:070;>AL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 0=G5=46C=30. B:C40? 0: ?>?0;0?  :=835 %>4A>=0 1K;0 ?>4>1=0O 3@02N@0. 0@B8=0 A 3@02N@K 8;8 3@02N@0 A :0@B8=K? K;8 :>9-:0:85 AB0@8==K5 25I8, => 8E :0:-B> =5 F5=8;8.  B5 3>4K >B;8G=CN <515;L 2K1@0AK20;8 =0 G5@40: 8 70<5=O;8 <O3:>N 15AD>@<5==>ABLN. >B 1K 2A?><=8BL GB>-=81C4L A0<>5 ?5@2>5! !0<>5 @0==55! A?><=8HL 8 B> 8 4@C3>5, => 2A5 MB> =5 A0<>5 ?5@259H55. 1937 3. ":BO1@L", 1958, ! 10 "  ' 5G 45@52O==K9 AB@>2, 4@52=89 ?A:>2A:89 3>@>4 =0 @5:5 5;8:>9. @5?>ABL =0 >AB@>25. 1879 3>4. K 3>AB8;8 C 101CH:8 "0BLO=K 20=>2=K >@:C=>2>9-0;0H=8:>2>9. 0 8?5=:5 - AB0@8==K9 4>< A 1>;LH8< 70@>AH8< A04><. 86=89 MB06 15;K9 :0<5==K9, 0 25@E=89 8 G5@40: 45@52O==K5 >E@O=K5, A> AB02=O<8 8 15;K<8 =0;8G=8:0<8 >:>=. >4 :>A>3>@>< 5;8:0O, 0 70 =59 ?0@: :0:>3>-B> 1>;LH>3> ?><5ABLO A 15;K< 5:0B5@8=8=A:8< 4><><.  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C6=> A;02O=0< 8 >@C685.  ?@84>@>6=>9 :C7=5 ?>G5@=52H89 :C7=5F :C5B <5G, =0AB>OI89, 65;57=K9, B>GL-2-B>GL, :0: <K =0E>48;8 2 :C@30=0E. >;3> MB>B <5G =0E>48;AO 2 :;04>2>9. .@89 ?><=8B 53>. 5G >3=5==K9 1913 3>4. !?OI8< AB@060< ?@8=>A8BAO <5G >3=5==K9. "5G <C65AB20" ?>=04>18;AO. @8E>4OB A@>:8. ">340 65 8 2 =0G0;5 1914 3>40 A?5H=> ?8HCBAO: "0@52>" - A 15;L389A:8< ;L2><, "@8: 7<5O", ">@>=K"  C;5B52H85, "5;0 G5;>25G5A:85", ">@>4 >1@5G5==K9" 8 2A5 B5 :0@B8=K, A<KA; :>B>@KE <K ?>A;5 ?>=O;8. 5G >3=5==K9 - : =>2K< 2@0B0<.  2>B 1931 3>4, 8 2A5 B@8 <5G0 =0?><=8;8AL.  0?04=>< "815B5 =0 A:0;0E 2KA5G5=K 874@52;5 B@8 <5G0. @0=8F0 ;8? >1540 ;8? =0: B@5E <5G59 2AB0; 2 ?0<OB8. 1937 3. ":BO1@L", 1958, ! 10 !", 4=0 87 ?5@2KE @04>AB59 1K;0 2 <C7K:5. @8E>48; : =0< AB0@5=L:89 A;5?>9 =0AB@>9I8:. @82>48;0 53> 2=CG:0. >A;5 =0AB@>9:8 @>O;O >= 2A5340 GB>-=81C4L 83@0;. >O;L 1K; E>@>H89 - ;NB=5@ A =04?8ALN 5H5B8F:>3>. !;5?>9 =0AB@>9I8:, 4>;6=> 1KBL, 1K; >B;8G=K< <C7K:0=B><, 8 83@0 53> 70?><=8;0AL. 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"840" 8 "D@8:0=:0" 1K;8 1;865. %>@ 0D@8:0=F52, ?52H89 ?>G5<C-B> > @0<5 8 8H=C, 1K; ?>4>1@0= =0 @>O;5. ?@>G5<, 83@0BL 4=5< @O4>< A :018=5B>< >BF0 =5 @07@5H0;>AL. #65 <=>3> ?>74=55 >B:@K;AO =>2K9 ?CBL - 5;O52A:8A :>=F5@BK, 8<A:89->@A0:>2 - "!=53C@>G:0". 0;5:> ?@>A;KH0;>AL 8<O CA>@3A:>3>, 4O48 ;5=K 20=>2=K. ! ?5@2>3> ?@85740 03=5@>2A:>3> F8:;0 <K 1K;8 01>=5=B0<8. !B@0==> 2A?><=8BL, GB> ;N48, AG8B02H85AO :C;LBC@=K<8, 3@5<5;8 ?@>B82 8 AG8B0;8 03=5@0 :0:>D>=859. G5284=>, :064>5 25;8:>5 4>AB865=85 4>;6=> ?@>9B8 G5@57 3>@=8;> >B@8F0=8O 8 3;C<;5=8O. 1937 3. U.K. 5@8E. "7 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> =0A;548O". ., 1974 "& >2>@OB: "A;8 E>B8B5 =09B8 A2545=8O > EC4>6=8:5, <5=55 2A53> @0AA?@0H8209B5 53> @>4AB25==8:>2". 59AB28B5;L=>, > A2>8E ;N48 <5=55 2A53> 7=0NB. 'B> <K 7=0;8 >1 >BF5? 0;>, GB> 7=0;8. 5;L:>< A;KH0;8, GB> >= @01>B0; ?> >A2>1>645=8N :@5ABLO=. K; G;5=>< >;L=>--:>=><8G5A:>3> 1I5AB20. =0;8, GB> 4@C7LO<8 53> 1K;8 025;8=, >AB><0@>2, 8:5H8=, >@4>2F52, 5=45;552, =4@552A:89... =0;8, GB> :@><5 N@848G5A:>9 @01>BK, >= ?8A0; 4@0<0B8G5A:85 25I8. > 345 >=8? ><=N <0=CA:@8?B >4=>9 4@0<K; >= 1K; ?8A0= <O3:8< :0@0=40H>< 8 AB5@AO 4> =5C4>1>G8B05<>AB8. K; G;5=>< !5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==>3> ;C10. #AB@>8; 2 720@5 4>@>3CN A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==CN H:>;C, => =5 70E>B5; 40BL =587156=CN 27OB:C, 8 H:>;C ?@8:@K;8 70 ;5287=C. %>B5; CAB@>8BL >@>H5=85 :@5ABLO=A:8E ;C3>2 H;N70<8. E @0AB0I8;8. 0H8=K 8 ;>:><>18;L A?0;8;8. 8 70 GB>! ><=N 2>;>:8BC A C?@02;ONI8<8. 0:8E B>;L:> =5 1K;>. 48= ?>;O:, ?@074=CO A2>8 8<5=8=K, A653 A:8@4K E;510. @C3>9 - =5<5F A >B;8G=K<8 15;K<8 10:5=0<8 - C257 <0H8=K 8 C3=0; A:>B. !B0; ?5@55760BL 87 C5740 2 C574 8 5I5 ?>B@51>20; 2K:C?... "@5B89 70:>;>; ?5@54 0AE>N 2A5E B5;OB 8 >1JOA=8;, GB> >=8 ?0;8 >B =58725AB=>9 1>;57=8... '53> B>;L:> =5 1K;>... !> 2@5<5= 02;0 H5; A :07=>N ?@>F5AA > AB@>52>< ;5A5, =5?@028;L=> >B<56520==><... #@K2:0<8 A;KH0;8 <K > 45;0E, => 2=CB@5==89 >1;8: >BF0 >AB020;AO =5A:070==K<. =0;8, GB> ;N48 25AL<0 F5=8;8 53> N@848G5A:85 A>25BK, 4>25@O;8 5<C. ><>30; >= 2 45;5 >1@>2>;L=>3> $;>B0. ><=N 04<8@0;0 078, C1=>20. 5 ;N18; ;5G8BLAO >B5F. #65 402=> 2@0G8 B@51>20;8 >B4KE. > >= =5 7=0; 687=8 157 @01>BK. @>A8;8 53> =5 :C@8BL 8;8 C<5=LH8BL :C@5=85, 81> 3@>78;> >B@02;5=85 =8:>B8=><, => >= >B25G0;: "C@8BL - C<5@5BL 8 =5 :C@8BL - C<5@5BL". =>3> 1K;> =54>A:070==>3>. 025@=>, 1K;8 :0:85-B> @07>G0@>20=8O. @C7LO ?>C<8@0;8 @0=LH5, 0 =>2K5 =5 ?>4>H;8. K;8 :0:85-B> @CE=C2H85 ?>AB@>5=8O. CGH85 <5GBK =5 8A?>;=8;8AL. 0;> :B>, 0 <>65B 1KBL, 8 =8:B> =5 7=0;, G5< 1>;5;> A5@4F5. (1937 3.) "7 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> =0A;548O" ' K;> >B2>520=> ?@02> AB0BL EC4>6=8:><. 5@2K5 @8AC=:8 2 "25745" 8 2 ";;NAB@0F88". 0 CG5=8G5A:>9 2KAB02:5 2 :045<88 (1896) " @5:0E" 20@O3 2 &0@L3@045. >4E>48B !>:>;>2, E@0=8B5;L C75O, A?@0H8205B: "BG53> =5B F5=K =0 20@O35?" " <=5 ?@>AB> =524><5:, GB> >= :><C-B> =C65=". "> 2A5-B0:8, A:>;L:>?" B25G0N: "80 @C1;59" (4C<0N, =5 4>@>3> ;8?). !>:>;>2 C;K105BAO: "!G8B09B5 ?@>40==>9", ?>42>48B A54>20B>3> ?@825B;82>3> 3>A?>48=0 - >:07K205BAO B.C. @825=:>. >A;5 CI8F A5@48;AO 70 45H52CN F5=C... >;=8B5;L=> 1K;> A ">=F><" 2 1897 ?@8 >:>=G0=88 :045<88. K CH;8 87 :045<88 2<5AB5 A C8=468, 53> 2K68;8 25;8:89 :=O7L ;048<8@ 8 3@0D .. ">;AB>9. 6840;8, GB> =0H5 2>AAB0=85 70 CG8B5;O 1C45B >AC645=> :045<859. "0: >BG0AB8 8 A;CG8;>AL. 5 <>3;8 =5 40BL 720=8O, => A<>B@5;8 :>A>. > <=5 ?>4E>48; 0BM 8 ?@54;030; ?5@59B8 2 <0AB5@A:CN 5?8=0, 0 =0 A;54CNI89 3>4 5E0BL 70 3@0=8FC. B25G0N: "0A8;89 0A8;L528G, ?><8;C9B5, 254L B0:0O ?>574:0 =0 B@84F0BL A@51@5=8:>2 1C45B ?>E>60". 0 =0H53> @E8?0 20=>28G0 <K 4@C6=> AB>O;8. 45 65 1K; 4@C3>9 B0:>9 @C:>2>48B5;L 8A:CAAB20 8 687=8?! 8:0:8<8 703@0=8G=K<8 :><0=48@>2:0<8 =5;L7O 1K;> >B>@20BL >B =53>. ><=N, >48= :;525B=8: H5?=C; 5<C: " 5@8E 20A ?@>40;", 0 @E8? 20=>28G 70A<5O;AO: " 5@8E <=5 F5=C 7=05B..." =0;8 F5=C C8=468. 0 :>=:C@A=CN 2KAB02:C ?@85E0; "@5BLO:>2. 0<5B8; 4;O >A:2K CI8F0, C@28B0 8 <>53> ">=F0". K;> 1>;LH>5 >6840=85. 0:>=5F, "@5BLO:>2 ?>4E>48B: "B4048B5 ">=F0" 70 800 @C1;59?"  >= AB>8; BKAOGC, > G5< 3>2>@8BL! @8H5; "@5BLO:>2 :> <=5 =025@E 2 <0AB5@A:CN. 0AA?@0H820; > 40;L=59H8E ?;0=0E. #7=0;, GB> ">=5F: 2>AAB0; @>4 =0 @>4" - ?5@20O 87 A5@88 "!;02O=5". @>A8; 8725I0BL, :>340 >AB0;L=K5 1C4CB 3>B>2K. 0;L, A:>@> C<5@ 8 A5@8O @0A?0;0AL. "!E>4OBAO AB0@FK" - 2 0;8D>@=88. ";>25I85" - 2 CAA:>< C755. ">E>4" - =5 7=0N, 345. ">;L:> ">@>4 AB@>OB" !5@>2K< 8 AB@>CE>2K< :C?;5= 2 "@5BLO:>2:C C65 A O38;52A:>9 2KAB02:8. !:>;L:> HC<C 1K;> ?@8 MB>9 ?>:C?:5. C30;8, @C30;8 - ?>B>< ?@82K:;8. >70=>2 E>@>H> =0?8A0;. [1937 3.] ":BO1@L", 1958. ! 10 / !:>;L:> GC2AB2 1C48;> 740=85 :045<88. C759, A:C;L?BC@K, B5<=K5 :>@84>@K, 0 B0< 345-B> 2=CB@8 8 H:>;0, A2O70==0O A> <=>38<8 ;N18<K<8 8<5=0<8... #40ABAO ;8 ?>?0ABL BC40? 5B>< 1893 3>40 @01>B0 A .. C4@8=K< 2 C755 :045<88. 5@5@8A>20=K 2A5 3>;>2K, :>B>@K5 AB02OBAO =0 M:70<5=. "5 C2;5:8B5AL BCH52:>9, CG8B C4@8=, - 3;02=>5, ?>:068B5, :0: AB@>8B5". 0 M:70<5=5 3>;>20 =B8=>O, A45;0;, GB> <>3. @8E>6C C7=0BL.  25AB81N;5 2AB@5G05B >20@5=:> 8 =0G8=05B CB5H0BL: "5 2 MB>< - B0: 2 1C4CI5< 3>4C". "5C65;8 ?@>20;?". " A?8A:5 =5B 20A". > BCB 65 AB>8B H259F0@ :045<88 C:0H (<K 53> >G5=L ;N18;8) 8 C:>@87=5==> CA>25I8205B >20@5=:>: "'53> A<CI05B5, @0=LH5, G5< 3>2>@8BL, ?@>G;8 1K A?8A>:". @8=OB 8 4065 E>@>H>! >;>2=>9 :;0AA - ?@>D5AA>@0 025@5F:89 8 >60;>AB8=. 0 1;8609H5< M:70<5=5 ?5@52>4 2 D83C@=K9. "0< '8ABO:>2 8 0;5<0=. '8ABO:>2 70 ?>;;>=0 ?5@525; =0 A;54CNI5< M:70<5=5 2 =0BC@=K9.  A0< 2> 2@5<O @01>BK :0: 70:@8G8B: "# 20A ?>;;>=-B> D@0=FC7, =>38 1>;L=> ?5@5B>=8;8".  =0BC@=>< 8;;520;L45, 2A5340 2 D>@<5==>< D@0:5, 2A5E E20;OI89. ><=N, :0: >48= @0AE20;5==K9 8< 0:045<8AB ?>;CG8; =0 M:70<5=5 G5B25@BK9 @07@O4. >H5; 60;>20BLAO: "0: 65 B0:, ?@>D5AA>@, 2K B0: E20;8;8?". "C GB> 6, C 4@C38E 5I5 ;CGH5 1K;>". 0 MA:87 ";0G /@>A;02=K" - ?5@2K9 @07@O4. ">340 65 MA:87K: "!2OB>?>;: :0O==K9", "A:>28G", "71CH:0 ?CABK==0O", "0 3@0=8F5 48:89 G5;>25:", "CH:0@8", "5G5"... !B0@0O :045<8O :>=G8;0AL. @8H;8 =>2K5 ?@>D5AA>@0. AB0;0 7040G0: : :><C ?>?0ABL - : 5?8=C 8;8 : C8=468. 5?8= @0AE20;8; MBN4K, => >= 2>>1I5 =5 A:C?8;AO =0 ?>E20;K. >@>?0=>2 ?@54;>68;: ">945< ;CGH5 : C8=468". >H;8. >A<>B@5; AC@>2>: "@8=5A8B5 @01>BK". 8;8 <K 1;87:> - ?@>B82 8:>;052A:>3> <>AB0 - A59G0A 8 ?@8B0I8;8 2A5, GB> 1K;>. !<>B@5;, <>;G0;, GB>-B> 1C45B? >B>< >15@=C;AO : A;C68B5;N 5:@0A>2C, ?>:070; =0 <5=O 8 >B@570; :>@>B:>: "-B> 2>B >=8 2 <0AB5@A:CN E>48BL 1C4CB". ">;L:> 8 2A53>! 48= 87 A0<KE 206=KE H03>2 A>25@H8;AO ?@>I5 ?@>AB>3>. !B0; @E8? 20=>28G CG8B5;5< =5 B>;L:> 682>?8A8, => 8 2A59 687=8. >445@60; 2 AB@5<;5=88 : :><?>78F88. =>340 @C30;, =0?@8<5@, 70 ">E>4", 0 ?>B>< 25@=C;AO: "?@>G5<, =5 >3>@G09B5AL, 254L ?CB8 8A:CAAB20 H8@>:8 - 8 B0: <>6=>!". [1937 3.] ":BO1@L", 1958, ! 10 !, @5645 2A53> ?>BO=C;> : :@0A:0<. 0G0;>AL A <0A;0. 5@2K5 :0@B8=K =0?8A0=K B>;AB>-?@5B>;AB>. 8:B> =5 =04>C<8;, GB> <>6=> >B;8G=> A@570BL >AB@K< =>6>< 8 ?>;CG0BL M<0;52CN ?;>B=CN ?>25@E=>ABL. BB>3> "!E>4OBAO AB0@FK" 2KH;8 B0:85 H5@H02K5 8 4065 >AB@K5. B>-B> 2 :045<88 ?@8:;58; >:C@>: =0 B0:>5 >AB@85. ">;L:> 2?>A;54AB288, C28402 !530=B8=8, AB0;> ?>=OB=>, :0: A@570BL 8 ?>;CG0BL M<0;52CN ?>25@E=>ABL. 0A;> 2>>1I5 A:>@> =04>5;> A2>5N ?;>B=>ABLN 8 B5<=>B>N. >=@028;0AL <N=E5=A:0O B5<?5@0 C@<0. =>3> :0@B8= 5N =0?8A0=>. !B5=>?8AL 2 "0;0H:8=5 B>65 2C@<>2A:0O. !5@>2C MB8 :@0A:8 ?>=@028;8AL, 8 >= ?@>A8; <5=O 4;O =53> 8E 2K?8AK20BL. ! 2>9=>N 2>>1I5 ?@5@20;>AL, 8 A0<0 D01@8:0 70:@K;0AL.  B> 2@5<O ?@82;5:;0 O8G=0O B5<?5@0.  =0H59 8:>=>?8A=>9 <0AB5@A:>9 1K;8 2AO:85 >?KBK. K;8 :><18=0F88 A :;552>9 B5<?5@>9. >74CH=>ABL 8 72CG=>ABL B>=>2 40;8 A2>1>4C B5E=8:5. ! >;>28=K< 1K;8 15A54K > B5<?5@5, => >= G0AB> ?@54?>G8B0; ?0AB5;L. ! <0A;>< B5<?5@0 =5 A@02=8<0. !C645=> :@0A:0< <5=OBLAO - ?CABL ;CGH5 :0@B8=K AB0=>2OBAO A=0<8, =565;8 G5@=K<8 A0?>30<8... 5>:>=G5==0O :0@B8=0 8:5;0=465;> 2 0F8>=0;L=>9 0;5@55 >=4>=0 40;0 <KA;L > F25B=KE D>=0E. =0 1K;0 ?8A0=0 =0 75;5=>< D>=5 - >B =53> "5@@0 48 !85==0 AB0=>28;0AL =5 @K659, 0 7>;>B8AB>9. 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">B 65 =0@>4 3>2>@8B: "K;L <>;>4FC =5 C:>@". >6=> ?@8?><=8BL <=>385 ?5@5<5=K <=5=89. 45-B> 2 0@E820E, A:;582H8AL, :0: :8@?8G8, >AB0=CBAO 70A>EH85 3075B=K5 ;8ABK. >2>@OB, GB> >1KG=> >F5=:8 <5=ONBAO B@8 @070 2 AB>;5B85, :0: 1K 2<5AB5 A ?>:>;5=8O<8. > MB> =5 A>2A5< 25@=>, >F5=:8 <5=ONBAO 3>@074> G0I5. CAA:89 =0@>4 B>65 A:070;: "@>AB :0: 4@>74, =03048B 2 H0?:C 8 7;0 =5 ?><=8B". N48 87>1@5;8 <=>385 A;>20, GB>1K ?>:@KBLAO 2 A2>59 87<5=G82>AB8: "=54>@07C<5=85, =54>C<5=85, ?>:0O=85, 0 2 ;CGH5< A;CG05 >H81:0". (1937 3.) 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C7K:0;L=K9 :@C3 >1@07>2K20;AO 8 >:>;> ;5=K 20=>2=K, > :>B>@>9 55 ?@>D5AA>@ >@>2:0 3>2>@8;, GB> >=0 <>3;0 8<5BL 1;5ABOI55 1C4CI55 ?80=8AB:8. "0: 65 8 !B5?0 8BCA>2 2A5340 1K; 682K< 725=>< A <C7K:0;L=K< <8@><.  =5< 1K;8 70;>65=K :@C?=K5 <C7K:0;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8. !5<LO 8<A:8E->@A0:>2KE... !B@028=A:89, :>B>@K9 ?>B>< ?@8H5; 70 AN65B>< 4;O A>2<5AB=>3> A>740=8O 10;5B0, 87 G53> 2K@>A;0 "5A=0 !2OI5==0O".  1913 3>4C 0@86 =04@K20;AO 2 A28AB5, >AC640O "5A=C", 0 G5@57 =5A:>;L:> ;5B >=0 2K7K20;0 AB>;L 65 A8;L=K5 2>AB>@38. "0:>2K 2>;=K G5;>25G5A:85. @8H5; O4>2 A> A2>8< 40@>28BK< AK=><, :>B>@K9 ?>B>< C =0A @01>B0; 2 (:>;5. 0;L, GB> <>;>4>9 O4>2 1K; C18B 2 =0G0;5 2>9=K, 87 =53> 2KH5; 1K 1>;LH>9 EC4>6=8:. >>1I5 A5<LO O4>2KE 1K;0 CB>=G5==> 40@>28B0O, 8 GC2AB2>20;>AL, :0:85 >=8 1K;8 : B><C 65 8 E>@>H85 ;N48. (B59=15@3, 7OBL 8<A:>3>->@A0:>20, ?>A2OB8; <=5 ?@5:@0A=CN C25@BN@C : "!5AB@5 50B@8A5". 0B5< ?@81;860;AO 10@>= D8B8=3>2 8 40@>28BK5 0204A:85. =>3> 2AB@5G, B0:65 <=>3> 1K;> 8E 8 70 3@0=8F59. 7 ?8A0B5;59 - 4@C65A:85 >B=>H5=8O A >@L:8<, 5>=84>< =4@552K< 8 A =5:>B>@K<8 :>@8D5O<8 AB0@H53> ?>:>;5=8O. K ;N18;8 8 F5=8;8 5@56:>2A:>3>, 8 5A;8 1K >= =0?8A0; ;8HL >4=>3> 5>=0@4> 40 8=G8, B> C65 1K; 1K 25;8:8< ?8A0B5;5<. A>1K5 >B=>H5=8O 1K;8 A . . 5<87>2K<. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, <K :0: 1C4B> 8 =5 G0AB> 2AB@5G0;8AL, => 70B> 2=CB@5==55 >ICI5=85 1K;> >A>1> 704CH52=>5. A?><8=0N 53> "5@;8FC @C68==CN". A?><8=0N 8 ?>A;54=NN 2AB@5GC 2 0@865, 70?8A0==K5 8< A=K. = =5 B>;L:> <0AB5@ A;>30, => 8 254C= 4CH8. =>3> 2AB@5G. [1937 3.] . . 5@8E. "%C4>6=8:8 687=8". ., & , 1993 #' >A;5 #=825@A8B5B0 8 :045<88, 8 >@<>=>2A:>9 <0AB5@A:>9 =0G0;0AL 5I5 >4=0 CG510, 8 >G5=L AC@>20O. >2>@N > @01>B5 2 1I5AB25 >>I@5=8O %C4>65AB2. 5:>B>@K5 ?8HCB, GB> ?@83;0A8; <5=O BC40 !>1:>, => MB> =5 A>2A5< 25@=>, 81> 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?@83;0H5=85 ?@>87>H;> ?> ;8=88 . . @83>@>28G0. 5 CA?5; >= CB25@48BL <5=O ?> <C75N 1I5AB20, :0: C<5@, 0 <C759 ?5@5H5; 2 2545=85 >B:8=0. / 65 8<5==> B>340 ?8A0; ?@>B82 >B:8=0 8 :@8B8:>20; 53> @5AB02@0F8N >23>@>4A:>9 !>D88. >A;5 MB>3> <=5 :070;>AL =52>7<>6=K< A >B:8=K< 2AB@5B8BLAO, 0 B5< 1>;55 A>B@C4=8G0BL. > 0;0H52, 1K2H89 28F5-?@54A540B5;5<, 1K; 8=>3> <=5=8O. !> A2>9AB25==>9 5<C B>@>?;82>ABLN >= ?@83;0A8; <5=O ?>5E0BL 2<5AB5 A =8< : >B:8=C ?>4 ?@54;>3>< >A<>B@0 8725AB=>9 1>B:8=A:>9 :>;;5:F88. @85< ?@527>H5; 2AO:85 >6840=8O. 5 B>;L:> 1K;0 ?>:070=0 :>;;5:F8O A0<K< ?@54C?@548B5;L=K< >1@07><, => 1K;> 70O2;5=> > 25;8:>< C4>2>;LAB288 2AB@5B8BLAO 2 <C755 1I5AB20, 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 2A5 ?@8=O;> A>25@H5==> =5>6840==K5 @07<5@K. > ?>2>4C 65 <>8E AB0B59 > !>D88 1K;> A:070=>, GB> >B:8= G8B0; 8E A >3@><=K< 8=B5@5A><. >=5G=>, 5I5 <=>3> @07 ?@8H;>AL 2 45;5 AB>;:=CBLAO A 0:045<8G5A:>9 @CB8=>N >B:8=0. @8 2K1>@0E 2 0:045<8:8 8<5==> >B:8= ?@>87=5A @5GL ?@>B82 <5=O, => :>340 871@0=85 2A5 65 A>AB>O;>AL, B> =0 4@C3>5 CB@> >B:8= C65 1K; C <5=O, F5;>20;AO 8 3>2>@8;, C;K10OAL: "C 8 1K;0 18B20, A;020 >3C, ?>1548;8". = =5 7=0;, GB> 5I5 =0:0=C=5 25G5@>< )CA52 8 5@5=HB0< ?>72>=8;8 ?> B5;5D>=C > ?>;>65=88 45;0. "0: 65 B>G=> >B:8= 1K; ?@>B82 <>53> =07=0G5=8O 48@5:B>@>< (:>;K, => :>340 8 >=> 2A5 65 A>AB>O;>AL, >= A C;K1:0<8 8 >1JOB8O<8 A?5H8; >?>25AB8BL > ?>1545. ?0A=K9 1K; G5;>25:, => 2A5-B0:8 ?>1;03>40@N 53> 70 CG51C, 70 2:>@5=82H89AO >1KG09 1KBL =0 4>7>@5.  4@C385 G;5=K :><8B5B0 70=8<0;8AL B>9 65 CG51>N. "0:, =0?@8<5@, ?>A;5 <>53> 871@0=8O A5:@5B0@5< 1I5AB20, ?@54A540B5;L D8=0=A>2>9 :><8AA88 !N7>@ ?@83;0A8; <5=O 25G5@>< "?>B>;:>20BL > D8=0=A>2KE 45;0E". 5GL H;0 > 1>;LH>< 1N465B5 8 > @07=KE F8D@0E, ?@52KH02H8E 200.000 @C1;59. KAB@> !N7>@ =07K20; @07=K5 45B0;L=K5 F8D@K. #AB=> ?>42>48; 8B>38 8 45;0; 2AO:85 A;>6=K5 A>?>AB02;5=8O. / B0:65 CAB=> ?>4020; @5?;8:8, 8 B0:8< >1@07>< <K ?@>15A54>20;8 G0A0 B@8. 0B5< A>25@H5==> =5>6840==> !N7>@ ?>?@>A8; <5=O G5@57 420 4=O ?@54AB028BL 25AL 1N465B, 2:;NG82 2 =53> 2A5 B5 <=>385 45B0;L=K5 A>>1@065=8O, :>B>@K5 >= =07K20;. / ?>?@>A8; 53> 40BL <=5 :0:85-;81> 70?8A:8 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C, => >= A:070;, GB> 70?8A>: >= =5 8<55B 8 4065 =5 <>65B ?>2B>@8BL CAB=> 2A5 8< A:070==>5. @8 MB>< >= 4>1028;, C;K10OAL: "/ C482;O;AO, 284O, :0: 2K =0455B5AL =0 A2>N ?0<OBL 8 =8G53> =5 70?8AK205B5". 59AB28B5;L=>, ?@8H;>AL 2K720BL 2A5 A8;K ?0<OB8, GB>1K =5 C40@8BL ;8F>< 2 3@O7L. !?0A81> 8 70 B0:CN CG51C.  B> 65 2@5<O ?@>4>;60;0AL CG510 A> AB>@>=K C8=468, :>B>@K9 ?>AB>O==> 4020; =570<5=8<K5 C@>:8 8 ?@8<5@K >1I5AB25==>9 A?@0254;82>AB8 8 >B:@>25==>AB8. !5;820=>2 B>;:=C; : A>18@0B5;LAB2C AB0@8==KE :0@B8=. 064K9 87 G;5=>2 ><8B5B0 ?@8;>68;AO : MB>9 687=5==>9 CG515. !?0A81>. [1937 3.] C1;8:C5BAO 2?5@2K5 ! ",!" 5 >4=064K =0A A?@0H820;8, >BG53> <K =0G0;8 A>18@0BL 8<5==> AB0@KE =845@;0=4F52? > :B> 65 =5 <5GB05B > 0= -9:5, 5<;8=35, 0= 45@ 5945=5, 0= 59<5@A20;5, 02845, 0AA59A5? @><5 B>3>, 2 :064>< A>18@0B5;LAB25 5ABL 8 M;5<5=B AC4L1K. >G5<C-B> >4=> ?>4E>48B A:>@55 8 ;53G5. 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K; A?0A5= 8 ;M<0@B, =0 :>B>@>< 1K;> 70?8A0=> 2A5 =51> A 0=35;0<8. 57 :>=F0 ?0<OB=KE M?87>4>2. =>3> 40;8 @04>AB8 AB0@K5 =845@;0=4FK.  B><C 65 ?@8<8B82K B0: 1;87:8 A>2@5<5==>9 =0H59 H:>;5. [1937 3.] "7 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> =0A;548O" / >AB>: 2>>1I5 O2;O5BAO ?>=OB85< >B=>A8B5;L=K<. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, >=> =5 35>3@0D8G5A:>5. 7 0@860 2K 545B5 =0 N3 8 ?@857605B5 =0 2>AB>: - 2 ;68@. 0B5< 87 ;68@0 545B5 =0 2>AB>: 8 ?@857605B5 2 @5F8N 8 C<K=8N, :>B>@K5 : 2>AB>:C =5 ?@8=04;560B. @545;K 788 B>65 >G5=L =5>?@545;5==K. -B> 402=> C65 70<5G5=>, 8 =0G0;8AL ACI5AB25==K5 ?@8AB02:8. >;CG8;0AL >1H8@=59H0O 2AB@0;-78O, 70B5< A>45;0;0AL 2@078O. 8:B> =5 >1JOA=8B, ?>G5<C AB@0E0=L, 02:07, @K< 2 ACI5AB25 A2>5< =5 78O. #A;>2=0O 3@0=8F0 ?> #@0;C ?>B>< @0A?;K205BAO 2 =5A:07C5<CN =5>?@545;5==>ABL. 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"@>30B5;L=> 1K;> ?>;CG0BL A @07=KE :>=F>2 =488 ?@>AL1K ?@8A;0BL =0?CBAB25==>-?@825BAB25==K5 AB0BL8 8=4CAA:8< >@30=870F8O<: :>=3@5AA 0E0A01E0, $545@0F8O ABC45=B>2 2 5;8, 1>9A:0CBK 0E0 >4E8, !B@0-E0@<0, (:>;0 8@K... @548A;>28O : :=830< - $0EBC;;0-E0=, "59460 !8=3, >E0=;0; 0H80?, E0=C !8=3, C?B0... 5 701C4C 2AB@5G8 A> "AB@>8B5;5< =>2>3> 0@0G8" 60<H54 CAA5@20468. =48O @04CH=> ?@8=O;0 =0H =AB8BCB. !5@45G=K9 ?@825B =488. * . . 5@8E. !>1@. A>G., B. 1, ., 1914 * @83>@>4 04@0A0, 345 @0A?>;>65=> B5>A>DA:>5 >1I5AB2>. (1937 3.) "7 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> =0A;548O"   >4=O;8AL 87 0@468;8=30 A> 2A5<8 25I0<8, GB>1K ?5@55E0BL 2 AB0@8==>5 <5AB> 0330@. 5@530 80A0 A2O70=K 8 A 8H8 80A>9, A>18@0B5;5< 0E01E0@0BK, 8 A ;5:A0=4@>< 5;8:8<, 2>9A:> :>B>@>3> =5 ?>H;> 40;LH5 MB>9 3>@=>9 @5:8. 45AL ?@>E>48; 8 C440 8 04<0 !0<1E020, 745AL 68; @46C=0 8 4@C385 0=402K*. 540;5:> 0=0;8 - >B 0=C. >@OG85 :;NG8 0A8HBC 8 4>;8=0 0=8:0@0=-0@20B8 A A5@51@O=>9 @C4>9. '5@57 >B0=3 C65 B815BA:0O ?@8@>40. 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"5?5@L 8 A;540 =5 >AB0;>AL. !>E@0=O5BAO ?@540=85, GB> 345-B> 745AL 70E>@>=5=K A2OI5==K5 :=838 2> 2@5<5=0 B815BA:>3> 8:>=>1>@F0 0=340@<K. >:@>28B5;L 4>;8=K 0@ !8=3 8=>340 ?>:07K205BAO 2 2845 AB0@F0 2 15;><. C30 '>E0=**, AB0@K9 @046?CBA:89 @0460, B>65 ?>G8B05BAO E@0=8B5;5< 4>;8=K. * C4489A:85 A2OB8;8I0. ** >==0O AB0BCO 87 :0<=O, =0945==0O 2 4>;8=5 C;C, CAB0=>2;5=0 2>7;5 4><0 5@8E>2. 07=KE 1>3>2 2 4>;8=5 B@8AB0 H5ABL45AOB. # =0A ?8AL<5==>5 CA;>285 <564C 1>3>< 60<;C, 1@8B0=A:8< ?@028B5;LAB2>< 8 =0<8 > ?>;L7>20=88 2>4>N. @5<OB 10@010=K 8 @52CB 4;8==K5 B@C1K, :>340 1>38 ?>A5I0NB 4@C3 4@C30 2 4=8 O@<0@>:.  ;5AC 70B5@O;AO E@0<8: - B0< ?>42870;AO >BH5;L=8: 0E0@8 010. 5>40@K, A>A=K, 4C1K 5I5 B5A=OBAO ?> A:;>=0<, => <=>3> ;5A>2 C65 =0@CH5=>. =87C ?>4 E>;<><, =0 AB0@>9 4>@>35 725=OB :>;>:>;LFK :0@020=0. '0@C5B 7>2 :0@020==K9. B:C40? C40? ! :0:8<8 25ABO<8? (1937 3.) 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